提問:
請具體講解《學佛三要》第九章「慧學概說」<二、慧之名義與究極體相>提到:「關於觀的名義,佛為彌勒菩薩說:『能正思擇,最極思擇,周遍尋思,周遍伺察,若忍、若樂、若慧、若見、若觀,是名毗鉢捨那(觀)。』」
簡答:
約《解深密經》來說,「毗鉢捨那」(一般常說的「慧觀」)有眾多不同的敘述語詞。由於「正觀」而引發「智慧」,間中有著必然的因果關係。
修學者務必謹記於心,從「因」到「果」,不僅僅每一階段,甚至整體都可稱為「毗鉢捨那」,大可視為「因慧」、「果慧」、「淺慧」、「深慧」、「世俗慧」、「勝義慧」等等。
以下簡略說明:
(1)能正思擇:從世俗的角度——善惡、好壞、勝劣等等,觀察身心與世間一切法。
(2)最極思擇:約勝義——無常、不淨、空、無我等究竟義,觀察身心與世間一切法。
(3)周遍尋思:與「伺」相比,「尋」屬於「粗分別」——整體的、表面的、大致上的觀察。(尋:Sanskrit vitarka, which means to 'apprehend roughly.' The mental function of roughly noticing something. Also interpreted as 'discursive thought.' )
(4)周遍伺察:與「尋」相比,「伺」屬於「細分別」——局部的、深入的、精細上的觀察。(伺:Sanskrit vicāra, which means to inquire; investigate; scrutinize; to do detailed analysis. The mental function of examining the principle of a thing in detail. It is a subtle function of thought as compared to the coarse function of vitarka 尋.)
(5)忍:忍許、認可——由分析觀察思擇而生,世俗一般上稱為「接受」,因深入的了解而能接受。(Patience [tolerance, acceptance] that is based on the clear cognition of the unproduced nature of all existences; to realize that all things are beyond birth and decay.)
(6)樂:好樂(讀音:yao)——對法、對真相,生起濃厚興趣。(To delight in; take pleasure in; indulge in; be absorbed in)
(7)覺:清晰覺知明了。(awakening, illumination, or awareness.)
(8)見:證見法義。(To discern; insight, awakening, spiritual penetration [Skt. paśyati, anupaśyati]. To become aware that suffering is empty of inherent nature. To penetrate the truth of suffering [Skt. parijñāna, parijñā, abhinivesa]. To be able to analyze the basic nature of something; correct apprehension.)
(9)觀:安住於真實。(piercing through 貫穿, penetrating insight 觀達)
若於從「前因」與「後果」的角度來說,(1)至(4)如同生起智慧的方法,屬於「慧」生起之「因」。(5)至(9)則猶如成果,一旦對諸法如實觀察(適當的應用方法),忍、樂、覺、見、觀——必能生起。
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